TABLE 2
Mean Differences for Survey Domains: Knowledge, Behavior, Attitude, Confidence, and Access to Materials
Survey Domain
Physician/Physician Assistant
Nurse Practitioner/ Registered Nurse
Mean Difference (Mann–Whitney U -test/ Z -test/)
#
M SD
#
M SD U Statistic
Z -Score
p -Value
Knowledge
Knowledge about nitrate-contaminated drinking water Received formal education/training on any water quality topics
189
0.487 0.501
414
0.432 0.496
36,994.5
-1.245
.213
185
0.086 0.282
383
0.042 0.200
33,843.5
-2.164
.030
Hours of formal education/ training received
11
1.500 1.643
10
1.650 1.651
–
–
–
Behavior/openness to change
Participant plans for future education/ training on the adverse health effects of nitrate-contaminated water Likelihood that participants would use resources on drinking water quality if they were available Likelihood that participants would distribute resources on drinking water quality if resources were available
184
0.217 0.414
379
0.253 0.435
33,616.0
-0.933
.351
184
0.587 0.494
372
0.715 0.452
29,840.0
-3.026
.002
181
0.459 0.500
368
0.590 0.493
28,937.5
-2.898
.004
Attitudes/awareness
Frequency in which participants discuss the adverse health effects of nitrate contamination with patients
185
0.195 0.397
382
0.181 0.385
34,841.5
-0.401
.688
Participant levels of concern for their patients regarding nitrate- contaminated water
184
0.783 0.414
376
0.811 0.392
33,604.0
-0.796
.426
Participant prioritization of educating patients on the risks of drinking nitrate- contaminated water
175
0.743 0.438
348
0.776 0.418
29,445.0
-0.839
.401
Confidence
Participant confidence in advising patients about the adverse health effects of nitrate contamination in drinking water Participant confidence in referring patients to the appropriate resources should they be concerned about their drinking water quality Participant confidence in treating patients for the adverse health effects of nitrate contamination in drinking water
187
0.289 0.454
395
0.281 0.450
36,646.0
-0.194
.846
185
0.438 0.497
390
0.462 0.499
35,220.0
-0.533
.594
185
0.168 0.374
384
0.260 0.439
32,222.0
-2.462
.014
Access to materials
Participant access to resources about the adverse health effects of nitrate contamination in drinking water
183
0.208 0.407
371
0.191 0.394
33,394.0
-0.453
.651
11
October 2026 • Journal of Environmental Health
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