ADVANCEMENT OF THE SCIENCE
TABLE 1
Characteristics of and Air Pollutant Concentrations for Indiana Residents With a Positive SARS-CoV-2 Test Result in 2020 Who Died ( n = 2,564) or Had No Associated Death ( n = 45,368)
Characteristic
Cases* ( n = 2,564) # (%)
Controls* ( n = 45,368) # (%)
p -Value
Age (years) 0–<18
2 (0.1)
3,284 (7.2)
<.0001 a
18–<50 50–<65
81 (3.2)
24,421 (53.8) 9,799 (21.6) 7,864 (17.3)
297 (11.6) 2,184 (85.2)
≥65
Gender
Male
1,263 (49.3) 1,287 (50.2)
21,109 (46.3) 23,980 (52.9)
.0003 b
Female
Unknown
14 (0.5)
279 (0.6)
Race
White
1,717 (67.0) 327 (12.8)
25,980 (57.3) 5,183 (11.4)
<.0001 b
Black or African American
Asian
21 (0.8)
1,025 (2.3)
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander Native American or Alaska Native
6 (0.2) 3 (0.1)
97 (0.2) 51 (0.1) 858 (1.9)
Multiracial Other race Unknown
41 (1.6) 170 (6.6) 279 (10.9)
3,349 (7.4) 8,825 (19.5)
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latinx
105 (4.1)
5,251 (11.6) 26,247 (57.9) 13,870 (30.6)
<.0001 b
Non-Hispanic or Latinx
1,848 (72.1) 611 (23.8)
Unknown
2019 novel coronavirus case type Confirmed
2,482 (96.8)
43,202 (95.2)
.0002 b
Probable
82 (3.3)
2,116 (4.8)
Significant medical history (i.e., ≥1 preexisting condition)
1,735 (98.1) 561 (21.9) 306 (11.9)
12,834 (28.3) 3,014 (6.6) 2,113 (4.7) 8,353 (18.4) Controls* ( n = 45,368) Median (IQR)
<.0001 b <.0001 b
History of chronic lung disease
Former smoker Current smoker
.0385 b
47 (1.8)
<.0001 b p -Value
Air Pollutant or Measure
Cases* ( n = 2,564) Median (IQR)
Average AQI
42.64 (37.73–48.31) 0.28 (0.19–1.12) 9.79 (2.66–10.28) 9.54 (8.39–10.23) 17.17 (16.66–17.73)
44.24 (38.48–48.33)
<.0001 a
Average SO 2 concentration (ppb) Average NO 2 concentration (ppb) Average PM 2.5 concentration (μg/m 3 ) Average PM 10 concentration (μg/m 3 )
0.45 (0.23–1.12) 7.08 (2.65–8.77)
.0469
a
<.0001 .0133 a
a
9.36 (8.08–10.21) 17.59 (16.71–17.94)
<.0001 a
*Cases are defined as individuals who had a lab-confirmed positive PCR or antigen test result for SARS-CoV-2 reported in Indiana who died as a result of COVID-19. Controls are defined as individuals who had a lab-confirmed positive PCR or antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 reported in Indiana who did not die as a result of COVID-19. a Linear regression. b Chi-square. Note. AQI = Air Quality Index; IQR = interquartile range; NO 2 = nitrogen dioxide; PM = particulate matter; SO 2 = sulfur dioxide.
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