ADVANCEMENT OF THE SCIENCE
TABLE 5
Case 5: Lead Isotope Ratios With Standard Error and Concentration for Whole Blood and Environmental Sources Sampled for Lead Isotope Analysis
206 Pb/ 204 Pb 2 σ /√n
207 Pb/ 204 Pb 2 σ /√n
207 Pb/ 206 Pb 2 σ /√n
208 Pb/ 206 Pb 2 σ /√n Lead (Pb) Concentration
Sample #
Sample
Sample Type Tap water Tap water
1 First draw 2 5-min flush 3 Elephant wipe 4 Bracelet wipe
18.5807 0.0034 15.6494 0.0011 0.84225 0.00013 2.06144 0.00021 0.022 µg/L 18.5219 0.0174 15.6737 0.0150 0.84625 0.00008 2.07268 0.00014 0.002 µg/L
Wipe Wipe
18.7607 0.0007 15.6776 0.0006 0.83566 0.00001 2.05194 0.00003 17.6595 0.0004 15.6009 0.0004 0.88342 0.00001 2.12768 0.00003 18.7060 0.0006 15.6671 0.0006 0.83754 0.00001 2.05626 0.00003 18.9088 0.0005 15.6826 0.0004 0.82939 0.00001 2.04150 0.00003 18.9274 0.0005 15.6892 0.0004 0.82892 0.00001 2.03924 0.00002 18.6116 0.0004 15.6625 0.0004 0.84154 0.00001 2.05890 0.00002 18.5758 0.0005 15.6337 0.0005 0.84162 0.00001 2.06975 0.00003 17.9282 0.0005 15.6125 0.0004 0.87083 0.00001 2.11286 0.00002 17.7830 0.0004 15.6074 0.0005 0.87765 0.00001 2.11914 0.00003 18.8568 0.0005 15.7673 0.0005 0.83617 0.00001 2.07926 0.00003
0.1 µg/ft 2 0.9 µg/ft 2
5 Gold charm wipe Wipe
0 µg/ft 2
6 Living room sill wipe 7 Floor dust wipe 8 Metal cart wipe 9 Bathtub wipe 10 Old cooker wipe
Wipe
0.4 µg/ft 2
Wipe Wipe Wipe Wipe
0.9 µg/ft 2 0.2 µg/ft 2 1.8 µg/ft 2 4.1 µg/ft 2 2.6 µg/ft 2 0.08 µg/g
11 New cooker wipe Wipe
12 Chunky chat masala 13 Dal makhani masala 14 Sabzi masala
Kitchen spice Kitchen spice Kitchen spice Kitchen spice Kitchen spice Kitchen spice Kitchen spice
18.0354 0.0006 15.6493 0.0006 0.86769 0.00001 2.11559 0.00003
0.09 µg/g
18.3446 0.0004 15.6885 0.0004 0.85521 0.00001 2.09903 0.00003
0.15 µg/g
15 Red chili
17.3785 0.0004 15.5843 0.0005 0.89675 0.00001 2.14614 0.00003
22.8 µg/g
16 Black pepper
18.3640 0.0025 15.6853 0.0024 0.85412 0.00003 2.10746 0.00012
0.01 µg/g
17 Turmeric
17.7062 0.0007 15.5994 0.0006 0.88102 0.00001 2.12986 0.00004
0.01 µg/g
18 Coriander
17.7070 0.0005 15.6178 0.0006 0.88201 0.00001 2.12803 0.00003
0.05 µg/g
19 Kajal
Cosmetic 17.4047 0.0010 15.5811 0.0005 0.89522 0.00004 2.14390 0.00006
–
20 Subject initial blood draw
Whole blood
17.4400 0.0006 15.5834 0.0006 0.89355 0.00001 2.14124 0.00003 10.1 µg/dl
Note. The report unit for the lead isotope ratio is the atom ratio.
Similar to previous studies, cases 1–3 dem- onstrated that LIA was able to identify the most common household exposure: legacy lead-based paint exposure via hand-to-mouth behavior (Becker et al., 2022; Gulson et al., 1995; Manton et al., 2000). BLLs decreased among these cases after intervention on sources identified by LIA. Cases 4–6 involved nonpaint-related sources more commonly identified in recent years (Forsyth et al., 2019; Gorospe & Ger- stenberger, 2008; Mohta, 2010; Smith et al., 2017) and demonstrate at-risk groups for
lead poisoning among immigrant popula- tions (Angelon-Gaetz et al., 2018; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Shakya & Bhatta, 2019). A questionnaire can identify a foreign spice as a potential hazard, but LIA can provide additional evidence that the spice contributed to blood lead through matched PbIRs. Unlike other recent isotopic analyses, water was also investigated in our case series due to the historical use of lead pipes in the U.S. (Triantafyllidou et al., 2009). Contami- nated water might be a significant contribu-
tor to overall lead exposure among young children even at low concentrations (Zartar- ian et al., 2017). Environmental health spe- cialists extensively sampled water sources by testing tap water, pipes, and solder for five out of six cases. Water was not observed as the dominant or likely source in our cases. The PbIRs of the tap water samples for cases 1–5 were dissimilar to the children’s blood samples (Figure 1). For case 2, the PbIRs between street lateral pipe (sample 9) and child’s blood (sample 16) appeared similar but could be due to the lead street lateral pipe
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Volume 85 • Number 9
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