ADVANCEMENT OF THE SCIENCE
FIGURE 1 continued from page 11
Two-Dimensional Isotope Ratio Plots for Whole Blood and Environmental Lead Sources Sampled for Lead Isotope Analysis for Cases 1–6
Case 5
17.20 17.40 17.60 17.80 18.00 18.20 18.40 18.60 18.80 19.00 19.20
2.16
B
A
Blood
2.14
R ed Chili
2.12
K aj al
2.10
2.08
2.06
K aj al
2.04
Blood
R ed Chili
2.02
0.82 0.83
0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91
15.55
15.60
15.65
15.70
15.75 15.80
207 Pb/ 206 Pb
207 Pb/ 204 Pb
Tap Water
Wipes
Spices
R ed Chili
K aj al ( Cosmetic)
Blood
Tap Water
Wipes
Spices
R ed Chili
K aj al ( Cosmetic)
Blood
Case 6
2.20
20.50
B
A
Incense Holder
Masala Powder
20.00
2.15
Blood
Ceremonial Bell
19.50
2.10
Small Lamp
19.00
2.05
18.50
2.00
Ceremonial Bell
Blood
18.00
Masala Powder
1.95
17.50
Small Lamp
Incense Holder
1.90
17.00
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
15.55 15.60 15.65 15.70 15.75 15.80 15.85 15.90 15.95
207 Pb/ 206 Pb
207 Pb/ 204 Pb
Spices
Toothpaste
Powders
Wipes
Blood
Spices
Toothpaste
Powders
Wipes
Blood
Note. A = 208 Pb/ 206 Pb versus 207 Pb/ 206 Pb; B = 206 Pb/ 204 Pb versus 207 Pb/ 204 Pb.
pipe (sample 10; Table 2). Other samples closest to the blood PbIR were dust from the child’s bedroom carpet (sample 4), dust from the rear stairwell floor (sample 7), dust from the dining room windowsill (sample 6), and front porch paint (sample 11) by all ratios (Figure 1, Case 2). The dust wipe sample ratios fell within the upper and lower ratio limits of suspected paint contributors. This
pattern was consistent with the deterioration of chipping paint from the walls and win- dowsills, which accumulated as lead-contam- inated dust inhaled or ingested by the child (Figure 1, Case 2). LIA supported the exposure pathway of hand-to-mouth behavior in play areas iden- tified by the questionnaire and lead concen- tration measurements from the risk assess-
ment. Although there was no remediation completed, increased cleaning was recom- mended. After 5 months, the child’s second BLL decreased by one half to 7 µg/dl. Case 3 Case 3 involved a female at 19 months with a venous BLL of 18 µg/dl. The risk assessment found lead-based paint on the windows,
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Volume 85 • Number 9
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