Conclusion The findings of this scoping review indicate a lack of research on the risk of transmission of C. dicile in the household environment. This lack of research is a barrier to under- standing the risks posed to others in the household by a household member (human or animal) who is positive for C. dicile , and of the risk the environment poses to a person with nonhealthcare-associated risk factors for developing C. dicile .
Further studies designed to follow CDI patients over time and to measure out- comes—such as development of CDI in household contacts, studies designed to test the eectiveness of interventions such as targeted hygiene for household con- tacts, or environmental decontamination to prevent the development of CDI—would be helpful to better understand how the household environment might contribute to this infection. This knowledge would
enable the creation of consistent household decontamination advice for CDI patients and those at risk of acquiring an infection of C. dicile . Corresponding Author: Catherine D. Egan, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. Email: cegan01@uoguelph.ca.
References
Adams, D.J., Eberly, M.D., Rajnik, M., & Nylund, C.M. (2017). Risk factors for community-associated Clostridium dicile infection in children. The Journal of Pediatrics , 186 , 105–109. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.03.032 Alam, M.J., Anu, A., Walk, S.T., & Garey, K.W. (2014). Investiga- tion of potentially pathogenic Clostridium dicile contamina- tion in household environs. Anaerobe , 27 , 31–33. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.03.002 Alam, M.J., Walk, S.T., Endres, B.T., Basseres, E., Khaleduzzaman, M., Amadio, J., Musick, W.L., Christensen, J.L., Kuo, J., Atmar, R.L., & Garey, K.W. (2017). Community environmental contami- nation of toxigenic Clostridium dicile. Open Forum Infectious Dis- eases , 4 (1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx018 Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology , 8 (1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 1364557032000119616 Baishnab, D., Banfield, K.R., Jones, K., Scott, K.S., Weightman, N.C., & Kerr, K.G. (2013). Clostridium dicile infection: It’s a family aair. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , 34 (4), 442–443. https://doi.org/10.1086/669873 Berinstein, J.A., Steiner, C.A., Roth, K.J., Briggs, E., Rao, K., & Hig- gins, P.D.R. (2021). Association of household pets, common dietary factors and lifestyle factors with Clostridium dicile infec- tion. Digestive Diseases and Sciences , 66 (1), 206–212. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10620-020-06123-7 Borriello, S.P., Honour, P., Turner, T., & Barclay, F. (1983). Household pets as a potential reservoir for Clostridium dicile infection. Jour- nal of Clinical Pathology , 36 (1), 84–87. https://doi.org/10.1136/ jcp.36.1.84 Bramer, W.M., Rethlefsen, M.L., Kleijnen, J., & Franco, O.H. (2017). Optimal database combinations for literature searches in system- atic reviews: A prospective exploratory study. Systematic Reviews , 6 (1), Article 245. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0644-y Chitnis, A.S., Holzbauer, S.M., Belflower, R.M., Winston, L.G., Bam- berg, W.M., Lyons, C., Farley, M.M., Dumyati, G.K., Wilson, L.E., Beldavs, Z.G., Dunn, J.R., Gould, L.H., MacCannell, D.R., Gerd- ing, D.N., McDonald, L.C., & Lessa, F.C. (2013). Epidemiology
of community-associated Clostridium dicile infection, 2009 through 2011. JAMA Internal Medicine , 173 (14), 1359–1367. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.7056 Curtis, V., Biran, A., Deverell, K., Hughes, C., Bellamy, K., & Drasar, B. (2003). Hygiene in the home: Relating bugs and behaviour. Social Science & Medicine , 57 (4), 657–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0277-9536(02)00409-4 Delate, T., Albrecht, G., Won, K., & Jackson, A. (2015). Ambulatory- treated Clostridium dicile infection: A comparison of commu- nity-acquired vs. nosocomial infection. Epidemiology and Infection , 143 (6), 1225–1235. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814001800 Dohoo, I., Martin, W., & Stryhn, I. (2012). Methods in epidemiologic research . VER Inc. Egan, C.D., Jones-Bitton, A., Sargeant, J.M., & Weese, J.S. (2019) Household hygiene advice for patients with Clostridium dicile : Summary of hospital practice in Ontario, Canada. Canadian Jour- nal of Infection Control , 34 (2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.36584/ CJIC.2019.009 Girotra, M., Abraham, R.R., & Pahwa, M. (2013) Clostridium dicile infection: How safe are the household contacts? American Journal of Infection Control , 41 (11), 1140–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ajic.2013.06.011 Janezic, S., Mlakar, S., & Rupnik, M. (2018). Dissemination of Clos- tridium dicile spores between environment and households: Dog paws and shoes. Zoonoses and Public Health , 65 (6), 669–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12475 Janezic, S., Smrke, J., & Rupnik, M. (2020). Isolation of Clostridi- oides dicile from dierent outdoor sites in the domestic envi- ronment. Anaerobe , 62 , Article 102183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. anaerobe.2020.102183 Jinno, S., Kundrapu, S., Guerrero, D.M., Jury, L.A., Nerandzic, M.M., & Donskey, C.J. (2012). Potential for transmission of Clostrid- ium dicile by asymptomatic acute care patients and long-term care facility residents with prior C. dicile infection. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , 33 (6), 638–639. https://doi. org/10.1086/665712
continued on page 14
13
January/February 2023 • 7<96*4 7/ 6=29765.6;*4 .*4;1
Powered by FlippingBook