ADVANCEMENT OF THE SCIENCE
definitions from the Cleveland Study (Dingle et al.,1964) would enable historical compari- sons. Voluntary registration of worksites, data sharing with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and union coopera- tion could be implemented. Thomas Frieden, former director of CDC, has discussed measures (Bremmer, 2022) that could shore up the nation’s public
health system (see Sidebar, page 27). Pri- mary care physicians have a crucial role in restoring the resilience of the U.S. popula- tion by encouraging smoking cessation, treating hypertension, and encouraging vac- cination (Unger, 2022).
ChatGPT or other AI programs, except Google. Further, the content in this article was drafted in 2023 with minor additions in 2025. Corresponding Author: Jim Hartman, MS, REHS, 196 South Grant Avenue, Apartment 608, Columbus, OH 43215-8366. Email: jimh117@earthlink.net
Disclaimer: This article was created with 100% human content and not written with
References
Allen, S. (2021). How did COVID-19 conspiracy theories get so out of control? Kellogg Insight . https://insight.kellogg.northwestern. edu/article/COVID-19-conspiracy-theories-social-media Andrews, W., & Jones, L.W. (2023, March 22). The Times switches to C.D.C. Covid data, ending daily collection. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/us/covid-data-cdc.html Archer, D.L., & Kvenberg, J.E. (1985). Incidence and cost of foodborne diarrheal disease in the United States. Journal of Food Protection , 48 (10), 887–894. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-48.10.887 Bartleson, C.A. (1987). Foodborne disease surveillance [Chapter 13]. In W.F. Charles (Ed.), Food Protection Technology (pp. 147– 149). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351072076 Biden ends COVID national emergency after Congress acts. (2023, April 11). NPR . https://www.npr.org/2023/04/11/1169191865/ biden-ends-covid-national-emergency Bollyky, T.J., Castro, E., Aravkin, A.Y., Bhangdia, K., Dalos, J., Hul- land, E.N., Kiernan, S., Lastuka, A., McHugh, T.A., Ostroª, S.M., Zheng, P., Chaudhry, H.T., Ruggiero, E., Turilli, I., Adolph, C., Amlag, J.O., Bang-Jensen, B., Barber, R.M., Carter, A., . . . Diele- man, J.L. (2023). Assessing COVID-19 pandemic policies and behaviours and their economic and educational trade-oªs across US states from Jan 1, 2020, to July 31, 2022: An observational anal- ysis. The Lancet , 401 (10385), 1341–1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(23)00461-0 Borio, L.L., Bright, R.A., & Emanuel, E.J. (2022). A national strat- egy for COVID-19 medical countermeasures: Vaccines and therapeutics. JAMA , 327 (3), 215–216. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.2021.24165 Bracken, M. (2023, March 8). Tracking the return to normal: Views on the pandemic. Morning Consult . https://morningconsult.com/ views-on-the-pandemic/#section-9 Braddock, K. (2019). Vaccinating against hate: Using attitudinal inoculation to confer resistance to persuasion by extremist pro- paganda. Terrorism and Political Violence , 34 (2), 240–262. https:// doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1693370 Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Olshen, R.A., & Stone, C.J. (1984). Clas- sification and regression trees (1st ed.). Chapman & Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315139470 Bremmer, I. (Host). (2022, August 13). Will COVID ever end? [Video podcast episode]. GZERO WORLD with Ian Bremmer. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/video/will-covid-ever-end-gg9uxb/
Bremmer, I. (Host). (2023, September 11). Is AI’s “intelligence” an illu- sion? [Video podcast episode]. GZERO WORLD with Ian Bremmer. PBS. https://www.gzeromedia.com/gzero-world-with-ian-bremmer/ is-ai-intelligence-an-illusion Bryan, F.L. (1978). Factors that contribute to outbreaks of foodborne disease. Journal of Food Protection , 41 (10), 816–827. https://doi. org/10.4315/0362-028X-41.10.816 Capon, A., Houston, J., Rockett, R., Sheppeard, V., Chaverot, S., Arnott, A., Parashko, T., & Ferson, M. (2021). Risk factors lead- ing to COVID-19 cases in a Sydney restaurant. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health , 45 (5), 512–516. https://doi. org/10.1111/1753-6405.13135 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Estimated flu- related illnesses, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States—2017–2018 flu season . https://archive.cdc.gov/#/ details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/2017-2018.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Influenza Hos- pitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET) . https://www.cdc. gov/fluview/overview/influenza-hospitalization-surveillance.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Foodborne Dis- eases Active Surveillance Network: About FoodNet . https://www.cdc. gov/foodnet/about/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025). COVID Data Tracker . https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (2024). NCIRD sur- veillance systems . https://www.cdc.gov/ncird-surveillance/about/ index.html ChatGPT. (2023, October 9). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ChatGPT Coleman, E.W., Jange, A.-F., & Ruiz, A.J. (2022). Leveraging infor- matics to improve environmental health practice and innovation. Journal of Environmental Health , 85 (4), 44–46. Delaware General Health District (now Delaware Public Health District). (2020). Responsible RestartOhio Checklist for Food Facilities. https://w.ohla.org/aws/OHLA/asset_manager/get_file/ 535102?ver=2 Dingle, J.H., Badger, G.F., & Jordan, W.S., Jr. (1964). Illness in the home: A study of 25,000 illnesses in a group of Cleveland families . The Press of Western Reserve University.
28
Volume 88 • Number 2
Powered by FlippingBook