References
Fels, P., Lachenmeier, D.W., Hindelang, P., Walch, S.G., & Gutsche, B. (2023). Occurrence and regulatory evaluation of contaminants in tattoo inks. Cosmetics , 10 (5), Article 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ cosmetics10050141 Feng, G., Zhu, M., Liu, L., & Li, C. (2019). A quantitative one- pot synthesis method for industrial azo pigments with recycla- ble wastewater. Green Chemistry , 21 (7), 1769–1776. https://doi. org/10.1039/c8gc03982h Foerster, M., Schreiver, I., Luch, A., & Schüz, J. (2020). Tattoo inks and cancer. Cancer Epidemiology , 65 , Article 101655. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.canep.2019.101655 Food and Drug Administration. (2015, June). Tattoos and permanent makeup . https://www.fda.gov/media/93379/download#page=2 Forte, G., Petrucci, F., Cristaudo, A., & Bocca, B. (2009). Market survey on toxic metals contained in tattoo inks. Science of the Total Environment , 407 (23), 5997–6002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2009.08.034 González-Villanueva, I., Álvarez-Chinchilla, P., & Silvestre, J.F. (2018). Allergic reaction to 3 tattoo inks containing Pigment Yellow 65. Contact Dermatitis , 79 (2), 107–108. https://doi. org/10.1111/cod.13004 Hauri, U. (2011). Inks for tattoos and PMU (permanent make-up)/organic pigments, preservatives and impurities such as primary aromatic amines and nitrosamines . State Laboratory of the Canton of Basel- Stadt. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/23763193/inks- for-tattoos-and-pmu-permanent-make-up-organic-pigments- Hauri, U., & Hohl, C. (2015). Photostability and breakdown prod- ucts of pigments currently used in tattoo inks. Current Problems in Dermatology , 48 , 164–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000369225 Heywood, W., Patrick, K., Smith, A.M., Simpson, J.M., Pitts, M.K., Richters, J., & Shelley, J.M. (2012). Who gets tattoos? Demo- graphic and behavioral correlates of ever being tattooed in a rep- resentative sample of men and women. Annals of Epidemiology , 22 (1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.10.005 Høgsberg, T., Loeschner, K., Löf, D., & Serup, J. (2011). Tat- too inks in general usage contain nanoparticles. Brit- ish Journal of Dermatology , 165 (6), 1210–1218. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10561.x INTENZE Advanced Tattoo Ink. (2025) Material safety data sheets. https://intenzetattooink.com/pages/material-safety-data-sheets Kiszla, B.M., Elmets, C.A., & Mayo, T.T. (2023). Quantitative analy- sis of restricted metals and metalloids in tattoo inks: A system- atic review and meta-analysis. Chemosphere , 313 , Article 137291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137291 Klügl, I., Hiller, K.-A., Landthaler, M., & Bäumler, W. (2010). Inci- dence of health problems associated with tattooed skin: A nation- wide survey in German-speaking countries. Dermatology , 221 (1), 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000292627 Kurz, B., Schreiver, I., Siewert, K., Haslboeck, B., Weiss, K.T., Hannemann, J., Berner, B., von Eichborn, M.I., Berneburg, M., & Baeumler, W. (2023). Investigation of adverse reactions in tat-
tooed skin through histological and chemical analysis. Dermatol- ogy , 239 (5), 782–793. https://doi.org/10.1159/000530949 Lehner, K., Santarelli, F., Penning, R., Vasold, R., Engel, E., Maisch, T., Gastl, K., König, B., Landthaler, M., & Bäumler, W. (2011). The decrease of pigment concentration in red tattooed skin years after tattooing. Journal of the European Academy of Der- matology and Venereology , 25 (11), 1340–1345. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03987.x Lichnyi, A.A., Nam, I.F., & Dikman, E.Y. (2021). Optimization of laser radiation parameters for an a°ect on pigments, based on tita- nium dioxide (TiO 2 ). XV International Conference on Pulsed Lasers and Laser Applications , 85 . https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2616446 Matsika, A., Srinivasan, B., Phillips, G.E., & Strutton, G.M. (2016). A review of tattoo-related medical complications: Why the Australian tattoo industry should be regulated. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/321274157_A_review_of_tattoo- related_medical_complications_why_the_Australian_tattoo_ industry_should_be_regulated Minghetti, P., Musazzi, U.M., Dorati, R., & Rocco, P. (2019). The safety of tattoo inks: Possible options for a common regulatory framework. Science of the Total Environment , 651 (Pt. 1), 634–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.178 Moseman, K., Ahmed, A., Ruhren, A., & Swierk, J.R. (2024). What’s in my ink: An analysis of commercial tattoo ink on the US market. Analytical Chemistry , 69 (9), 3906–3913. https://doi.org/10.1021/ acs.analchem.3c05687 Musgrave, I. (2014). Tattoo inks—Poison pigments? Chemistry in Australia , 16–19. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/ ielapa.703590811315497 National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme. (2018). Characterisation of tattoo inks used in Australia . Australian Government Department of Health. https://www.industrialchemi cals.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-05/Characterisation%20of%20 tattoo%20inks%20used%20in%20Australia%20%5BPDF%20 456KB%5D.pdf Negi, S., Bala, L., Shukla, S., & Chopra, D. (2022). Tattoo inks are toxicological risks to human health: A systematic review of their ingredients, fate inside skin, toxicity due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, primary aromatic amines, metals, and overview of regulatory frameworks. Toxicology and Industrial Health , 38 (7), 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/07482337221100870 Negi, S., Shukla, S., Patel, S.K., Vikram, A., Gaur, P., Kamar, M.D., Pathania, D., Kotian, S.Y., Bala, M., Rana, P., Bala, L., Yadav, A.K., Ray, R.S., & Dwivedi, A. (2023). Benzo(ghi)perylene (BgP) a black tattoo ingredient induced skin toxicity via direct and indi- rect mode of DNA damage under UVA irradiation. Chemico-Bio- logical Interactions , 379 , Article 110508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cbi.2023.110508 Niederer, M., Hauri, U., Kroll, L., & Hohl, C. (2018). Identification of organic pigments in tattoo inks and permanent make-up using
continued on page 18
17
September 2025 • Journal of Environmental Health
Powered by FlippingBook