ADVANCEMENT OF THE SCIENCE
mation of reactive oxygen species that can lead to lung cancer (Baan et al., 2006). Ba, which is present in tattoo inks as BaSO 4 to brighten dark colors (Schmitz et al., 2016) and act as a stabilizer, might not pose a major issue in itself, but soluble impurities can induce severe e ects, including respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrest, or death (Oskarsson & Reeves, 2007; Wang et al., 2021). Conclusion In summary, the pigment composition of a set of previously unstudied yellow tattoo inks were investigated in this study. Char- acterization using IR, NMR, XRD, Raman, EDX, and ICP-OES analyses showed that the pigments in commercially available tattoo inks that we tested di ered from the chemi- cal components described on the ingredient labels. The ink characterization indicates the existence of PY14 in the LY ink, which dif-
fers from the PY65 mentioned on the bottle label. According to both the label and MSDS, PO13 was listed as being present in the GY and GR inks, but no PO13 was detected in either ink. Additionally, Na, Si, and Al were found in the inks we analyzed, but none of these elements had been listed either on the label or in the MSDS. The large discrepancies between the actual ingredients and the ingredients listed in tat- too inks raise serious health concerns and underscore the need for stricter regulations and more accurate labeling to ensure con- sumer safety. Moreover, the integration of di erent techniques for analysis provides a broader understanding of ink composition, while removing the necessity for intricate and time-consuming sample preparation.
organizations for their invaluable and gener- ous support, encouragement, and contribu- tions to this research: King Faisal University, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia. The authors acknowledge the facilities and scien- tific and technical assistance of Microscopy Australia, established under the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strat- egy, through the South Australian Regional Facility, Flinders Microscopy and Micro- analysis, Flinders University. Finally, the authors acknowledge Associate Professor Martin Johnston at Flinders University for his invaluable assistance with the NMR analysis. Corresponding Author: Claire Lenehan, PhD, Director, Flinders Factory of the Future and Professor, College of Science and Engineer- ing, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Ade- laide, SA, 5001, Australia. Email: claire.lenehan@flinders.edu.au
Acknowledgments: Batool A. Aljubran extends deepest gratitude to the following
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Volume 88 • Number 2
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