2.5 Open, uncovered wounds are entry points for pathogens (Mckenzie, 2018). Infections can spread through contact, sprays and splashes, inhalation, and punctures (CDC, 2016). The BODY ARTIST must treat and cover any wounds, infections, or communicable diseases to prevent infection and the spread of disease. 2.6 This Code requires PERSONNEL to remove all jewelry on hands and wrists when preparing for and during a PROCEDURE. Several studies have found that skin underneath jewelry harbors more bacteria than comparable areas of skin without jewelry (CDC, 2002). Studies suggest that neither soap nor hand sanitizer can adequately remove bacteria from under jewelry and jewelry should be removed for proper hand hygiene (Greenshield et al., 2020). 2.7 Proper HANDWASHING can stop the spread of communicable diseases. CDC guidelines for HANDWASHING recommend HANDWASHING prior to a BODY ART PROCEDURE, after any interruption during a PROCEDURE, prior to putting on GLOVES, and upon completing a PROCEDURE. Ensuring active participation of PERSONNEL in proper hand hygiene practices depends upon facilitators at various levels (CDC, 2002). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that employers provide handwashing facilities that are readily accessible to employees (Bloodborne Pathogens, 2012). Beyond providing the physical resources to maintain proper hand hygiene, the Body Art Committee encourages stakeholders to foster a culture of hand hygiene adherence and promotion. Hands of BODY ART PERSONNEL can transmit pathogens if proper hand hygiene is not performed. This Code requires PERSONNEL to follow a HANDWASHING procedure to reduce the potential for infection. This Code requires PERSONNEL to wash hands with clean, running water, as hands can become recontaminated if placed in a basin of water that has been CONTAMINATED through previous use (Palit et al., 2012). Hands must be lathered to create friction, which helps lift debris and microbes from the skin. The entire hand must be scrubbed, as microbes are present on all surfaces of the hand and are highly concentrated under the nails (Lin et al., 2003). Proper handwashing technique as dictated by the CDC’s procedure requires hands to be scrubbed for at least 20 seconds (CDC, 2022). PERSONNEL should point their fingers toward the faucet when rinsing their hands to avoid recontaminating their hands with anything from their upper arms. Hand drying is an essential part of hand hygiene, as bacteria are more likely to be transmitted from wet skin than from dry skin (Huang et al., 2012). A systematic literature review of twelve studies on hand drying effectiveness found that SINGLE-USE paper towels efficiently dry hands, effectively remove bacteria, and cause less CONTAMINATION of the surrounding washroom environment than electric air dryers. The review concluded that SINGLE-USE paper towels should be used “in locations where hygiene is paramount” (Huang et al., 2012). 2.8 PERSONNEL must make their best efforts to prevent CONTAMINATION of EQUIPMENT. As stated in Section 2.1 of this Code, BODY ARTISTS must use ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE. To prevent CONTAMINATION of EQUIPMENT surfaces that are difficult to clean, barriers such as clip cord covers and machine covers can be used (CDC, 2019a).
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