Average A) PM 10 and B) PM 2.5 Concentrations in the Po River Basin (PRB) From 2013–2021 FIGURE 3
A
B
from the California Department of Public Health (2024) and the Arizona Department of Health Services (2025), and state-level data for Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, n.d.). The 2013–2021 groundwater nitrate concentrations from Italy are available from the European Environment Agency (2024), and the 2013–2022 U.S. data were sourced through the U.S. Water Quality Portal (National Water Quality Monitoring Coun- cil et al., 2021). Additionally, the European Center for Dis- ease Control (2024) and CDC (2025) pro- vided the 2013–2022 WNV data. The rela- tive poverty data for Italy originated from the Italian National Institute of Statistics (2023), while the U.S. Census Bureau (2023) sourced
the CRB data. Once sourced, the data were cleaned, reformatted, analyzed, and visual- ized using RStudio (version 2024.04.0) and ArcGIS Pro (version 3.2.1, Esri Inc.). Figures were generated in RStudio using the ggplot2 package (Wickham, 2009). Maps generated in ArcGIS Pro used shapefiles from Esri, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Results From 2013–2021, the PRB experienced an average PM 10 concentration of 19.72 μg/m 3 and an average PM 2.5 concentration of 13.81 μg/m 3 . Average PM 10 concentrations ranged from 0 μg/m 3 to 47.3 μg/m 3 with an average minimum value of 7.5 μg/m 3 and an average maximum value of 33.7 μg/m 3 . Average PM 2.5
concentrations ranged from 0 μg/m 3 to 35.6 μg/m 3 with an average minimum value of 4.4 μg/m 3 and an average maximum value of 24.6 μg/m 3 . Figures 3 and 4 show the average pollutant concentrations in the PRB for the study period. From 2013–2022, the CRB experienced an average PM 10 concentration of 19.33 μg/ m 3 and an average PM 2.5 concentration of 6.4 μg/m 3 . Average PM 10 concentrations ranged from 6.4 μg/m 3 to 120.3 μg/m 3 with an average minimum value of 12.3 μg/m 3 and an average maximum value of 29.6 μg/m 3 . Average PM 2.5 concentrations ranged from 0.9 μg/m 3 to 30.5 μg/m 3 with an average minimum value of 4.3 μg/m 3 and an average maximum value of 8.7 μg/m 3 . Figures 5 and 6 show the average pollutant concentrations in the CRB for the study period.
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June 2025 • Journal of Environmental Health
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